AGER and type 2 diabetes mellitus: To determine osteogenic differentiation of stem cells using the least invasive measures, this study was conducted using PBMC-derived from participants to investigate: 1) the osteogenic differentiation potential of PBMC-isolated from T2DM patients receiving metformin monotherapy, 2) the existence of cellular RAGE overexpression and the effects of that RAGE overexpression on osteogenic differentiation and cellular apoptotic signals, and 3) factors influencing that cellular RAGE overexpression.