Since pentosidine has been documented in other studies as being an AGER enhancer, and age was confirmed earlier as an independent risk factor for the determination of osteogenic differentiation potential, the expression of AGER in both DM-iD and DM-pD was compared with the level of AGER expression in age- and pentosidine-matched NDM-pD individuals. This evidence concerns the gene AGER and diabetes mellitus.