In addition, in the model of obesity-induced colitis, ginsenoside Rk3 effectively ameliorated the metabolic dysbiosis of intestinal flora with significantly decreased Firmicute/Bacteroidete ratios and suppressed the inflammatory cascade by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB (Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B) signaling pathway (Chen et al., 2021). Here, TLR4 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.