These results were further demonstrated by the real-time PCR data that Td significantly inhibited the transcripts of NF-κB target genes including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MMP-9 and RANKL. Taken together, these data indicated that Td might play an inhibitory action on RA via multiple targets (Figure 7), and further studies are needed to clarify its direct binding sites. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.