CDKN1A and lung carcinoma: It shows an antiproliferative effect in lung cancer by suppressing the expression of phosphorylation of Rb protein and transcription factors, including AP-1 and NF-κB (141), arresting the G1 phase of the cell cycle through mediating the transforming growth factor-β pathway (142), and inducing the apoptosis by increasing the activities of caspase-3 and the p21/WAF1/CDK-interacting protein (CIP) pathway (143).