We also present a comprehensive set of evidence from cell-based and animal experiments establishing CVB as an anti-ccRCC drug that impedes proliferation, the EMT, angiogenesis, migration and invasion and accelerates apoptosis through the targeted inactivation of the IGFBP3-AKT/STAT3/MAPK/Snail signalling pathways (Fig. S3). Here, SNAI1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.