AKT1 and breast carcinoma: For examples, PD-L1 initiates the PI3K/AKT axis to accelerate the progression of breast carcinoma 72; EMT and invasion are enhanced via PD-L1 initiated RAS/ERK/EMT axis in glioblastoma 73; and in renal cancer cells, EMT is also promoted by PD-L1 through activating SREBP-1c 74.