NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is commonly accompanied by the induction of genes that are predominately expressed in the fetal heart including β-myosin heavy chain (MyHC), phospholamban (PLN), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a (SERCA2A), α-skeletal actin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).