Therefore, MN9D neuronal cells transfected with wild type (pα-syn-WT-Luc) and mutated (pα-syn-Mut-Luc) α-syn promoter-driven reporter constructs were stimulated with dsRNA in the form of poly IC (one of the etiological reagents for viral encephalopathy), HIV-1 Tat (one of the etiological reagents for HAND), MPP+ (Parkinsonian toxin), bacterial lipopolysaccharides or LPS (a prototype inflammatory stimulus), CpG oligonucleotide or ODN (bacterial infection-associated inflammation), and IFNγ (Th1 cytokine associated to MS). Here, TAT is linked to bacterial infectious disease.