VDR and vitamin D deficiency: Classically, vitamin D deficiency has been known to cause growth retardation, rickets, and dental caries in children, and osteomalacia, osteopenia, and decreased muscle strength in adults.6 Apart from role in calcium homeostasis, recent evidences support immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in human body.7 Cardiovascular effects of vitamin D has been hypothesized with demonstration of vitamin D receptors in endothelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and B pancreatic cells.