VEGFA and cancer: The astrocyte–carcinoma surface not only trigger astrocyte cytokine releasing, most of which are IFNα, TNFα, TGFα, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Ang-2, but also activate STAT1 and NF-κB survival signals in cancer cells (Chen et al., 2016; Zou et al., 2019).