IFNG and cancer: Therefore, a balanced IFN-γ and IL-6 response mediated by favorable cell subsets within the tumor microenvironment could be beneficial during cancer treatment, though this outcome is most likely dependent on multiple factors including cancer type, immune status, tumor stage, etc. With a significant increase in serum concentration of these two cytokines after ITGB4-DC vaccination and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy (Figure 3), investigating their roles and function to improve ITGB4-targeted therapies warrants further investigation.