HMGB1 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: The study by Kimono et al. [32] reported that microbiome alterations and increased levels of immunostimulatory particles such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and low systemic endotoxemia persisted in mice treated with GW chemicals compared to those treated with vehicle controls 20 weeks after GW chemical exposures were stopped.