As HIF-1α signaling could directly induce glycolysis under hypoxic conditions [46, 47], these results confirm that NF-κB signaling and glycolysis metabolic processes are two important pathways mediating the therapeutic function of hWJ-MSCs both in Con A-induced fulminant hepatitis in vivo and T cell activation in vitro (Fig. 5B, C). This evidence concerns the gene HIF1A and Fulminant hepatitis.