MMP9 and neoplasm: For instance, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been shown to produce several factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), promoting tumor angiogenesis and vascular permeability [91,92,93].