Interestingly, PIM2 expression is also upregulated as a negative regulator for osteoblastogenesis in BMSCs and preosteoblastic cells in the presence of MM cells, as well as cytokines, known as inhibitors for osteoblastic differentiation in MM, including TNF-α, IL-3, IL-7, TGF-β, and activin A (Figure 2). Here, TGFB1 is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.