EGFR and lung carcinoma: In addition to observations in lung cancer, EGFR has also been found to activate the MAPK/Akt/STAT/Myc signaling pathways to upregulate PD-L1 expression in head and neck [147], esophageal [148,149], gastric [150], salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma [151] and EGFR-positive cancers [152].