ICOS and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Another study involving patients with NSCLC treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies, found higher levels of Ki67+, PD-1+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood, especially among responders [28], and this increased the population of T cells that expressed co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD27, CD28 and inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS), with CD28 being the main target of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling [8] (Table 1 and Figure 1).