Based on these data, inhibitions of enzymatic activity of phosphatases with cell membrane permeant molecules (tacrolimus for PP2B, okadaic acid for PP1 and PP2A [4,18,19,20]) or proteins that can be delivered by an adenovirus such as inhibitor-2 or inhibitor-1 (for PP1 [1,21,22,23,24,25]) have been suggested to be of a potential benefit in heart failure patients. Here, PTPA is linked to heart failure.