AKT1 and osteoporosis: Melatonin may also be helpful for treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, as melatonin treatment reportedly rescued MC3T3-E1 cells from dexamethasone-induced inhibition of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/Smad signaling pathways [58].