PTEN and cancer: Moreover, ROS-induced carcinogenesis is initiated by the activation of several signaling pathways, such as: PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) signaling cascades, which in turn modulates the activity of several transcription factors involved in cancer initiation/progression [60].