TLR4 and pancreatic neoplasm: Regarding pancreatic adenocarcinoma, recent studies show that 69% of patients with pancreatic cancer display an elevated expression of TLR4, which is correlated with an increased activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), phosphoinositol-3 kinase/AKT and mitogen-associated protein kinase signalling pathways, all being involved in tumourigenesis and tumour progression [7,8].