TNF and viral infectious disease: In the event of a viral infection, for instance in viral pneumonia, the main mediators of cytokine storms are IL-6, TNFα, IL-8, IFNg, chemokines secreted by T-lymphocytes, monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, neutrophils, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and tissue-forming cells such as alveolocytes [94,95].