Although either adoptive or vaccine-based immunotherapies to elicit endogenous immune responses are unlikely to be highly effective in patients with full-blown either newly diagnosed or relapsed leukemia, these strategies, potentially in combination with ICPIs, could be promising in maintaining CR or preemptively eradicating persistent MRD, following conventional chemotherapy in older NPM1-mutated AML patients not eligible for allogeneic HSCT [19,21,42,93]. This evidence concerns the gene NPM1 and leukemia.