Circulating DPP-4 levels in IBD patients was shown to be lower in comparison with healthy subjects [60], but the link between DPP-4 inhibitors and IBD is not clear since several studies have shown contrary results that DPP-4 inhibitors reduce the risk of IBD among patients with T2D, which reflects their activity of inhibition of T-cell proliferation and cytokine production leading to a GLP-1-mediated restoration of gut mucosal damage [61]. Here, GLP1R is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.