Xiao et al. (2019) observed no beneficial postprandial effects of RR supplementation on systemic inflammation in PreDM-O participants; however, Schell et al. (2019) found that 250 g RR significantly decreased serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in individuals with T2DM both post-meal and long-term [30,31]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.