TGFB1 and cancer: To elucidate the involvement of TGFβ pathway alterations in endometrial carcinogenesis, several research groups evaluated TGFβ isoforms expression during neoplastic transformation of human endometrium by comparison of how it has been disrupted in the following stages of cancer progression, ranging from normal endometrium, through simple and complex hyperplasia, to endometrial carcinomas [189,209,210,211,212,213] (Table 1).