CD40 and neoplasm: Sato-Kaneko et al. (2017) identified that combination therapy with TLR agonists and anti–PD-1 increased antigen-presenting functions of TAMs and the infiltration of IFNγ+CD8+T cells in head and neck tumors, thus suppressing tumor growth. CD40 is a TNF receptor superfamily member expressed on both immune and non-immune cells, and CD40/CD40L agonists could upregulate antigen presentation machinery, enhance T cell proliferation and cytokine production, thus acting in the regression of tumors (Bennett et al., 1998; Mayes et al., 2018; Vonderheide, 2020).