The analysis of the altered pathways (Table 4C) gave four significant results (q-value <0.05) in the KEGG enrichment analysis (“cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction”, “viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor”, “chemokine signaling pathway”, and “rheumatoid arthritis”), with six SDE genes upregulated (CCL20, CXCL3, CXCL8, IL1A, TNFSF15, and TNFSF9) and four downregulated (EDAR, PF4, PARD3, and PF4V1) in HIV/HCV-f. The gene discussed is IL1A; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.