mRNA expression of iNOS and CD86 (both markers of the M1 subtype) was increased markedly in VPA-resistant epilepsy (Figures 5D,E), whereas expression of Arg-1 and CD206 (both markers of the M2 subtype) was decreased significantly in VPA-resistant epilepsy compared with VPA-sensitive epilepsy (Figures 5F,G). Here, CD86 is linked to epilepsy.