Among these, cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) (Fernandez and Eickelberg, 2012), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Barratt et al., 2018), IL-6 (Buonaguro et al., 2020), and TNF-α (Vasarmidi et al., 2020) play a vital role in pulmonary fibrosis. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.