STAT3 and infection: STAT3 was activated at high levels in both types of infection along the entire crypt-villus axis, as displayed in the broad signal of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3 at Tyr705) in immunohistochemical staining (Figs. 4A, B) and in the quantification of STAT3 phosphorylation by Western Blot (pSTAT3 at Tyr705 Fig. 4C, pSTAT3 at Ser727 Supplementary Fig. S4).