Interestingly, when clustering plasma endotoxin, LTA and zonulin levels accordingly, LTA plasma levels of NAFLD patients with a high TLR1 mRNA expression (> 198%) were found to be significantly higher than those of patients with low TLR1 mRNA expression in PBMCs (Fig. 4F). Here, TLR1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.