Interestingly and contrasting the findings of us and others assessing expression of TLRs in liver tissue of both rodents and humans with NAFLD9,10 but also studies in PBMCs isolated from patients with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis B-related liver failure34, only TLR1 expression was found to be higher in PBMCs of NAFLD patients when compared to healthy controls. Here, TLR1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.