Taken together, results of the present study suggest that intestinal microbiota, and herein, apperently specific genus like Holdemanella and bacterial toxins are positively related to TLR1 expression in PBMCs of NAFLD patients and that expression of TLR1 can be induced by both LPS and LTA. This evidence concerns the gene TLR1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.