TNF and infection: The splenocytes’ release of TNF-α and IL-1β was increased by 69% and 224.8%, respectively (all, &p < 0.05) while IL-6 and IFN-γ release was not significantly changed when mice were prophylactically immunized with V2/4 vaccine before infection (vs. non-vaccinated/infected mice) (Fig. 5a–d).