PTGS2 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Most brain tumors, including astrocytoma, glioblastoma, meningioma, medulloblastoma, highly expressed COX-2, and most human malignant glioma cell lines show constitutively elevated levels of COX-2, and an increasing body of evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that elevated COX-2 activity in turn contributes to GBM genesis and progression [41–44].