CD274 and glioblastoma: It has been shown in literature that GBM EVs (extracellular vesicles) induce immunosuppressive monocytes, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and nonclassical monocytes (NCMs) [38] and glioblastoma stem cell-derived exosomes can induce M2 macrophages and PD-L1 expression on human monocytes [30].