As shown in Table 5, factors that increased the risk of mortality in the IDD group included age older than 60 years (P < 0.001), insulin use (compared with OHA use; P = 0.008), hospitalization more than once during the 12 months leading up to dialysis initiation (P = 0.031), cerebrovascular accidents (P = 0.003), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.009). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.