Interestingly, the serum levels of CXCL16 reflect disease activity in multiple sclerosis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis[37, 38, 39] and CXCL16 is upregulated with intestinal inflammation such as Crohn's disease.[40] Together, these observations imply that the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis can be a therapeutic target in CeD and other autoimmune conditions. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL16 and systemic sclerosis.