Indeed, we found that ablation of HDAC1 expression resulted in marked upregulation of a vast array of genes that have previously been implicated in promoting tumor cell survival, invasion, and metastasis in gliomas and other cancers (e.g., TGFB2, ITGB5, CSF1, NRG1, NRP1, ICAM1, MET; Figure 7A, Figure 8, and refs. 78–85). This evidence concerns the gene ITGB5 and central nervous system cancer.