Some NLRs possess the ability to create “inflammasomes” that trigger proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-1β and IL-18) related to the pathogenesis of inflammation in cases of obesity and IR.58,59 Recent studies have shown associations between PG and MetS in adult Drosophila models, where a decrease in insulin signaling was observed due to the activation of PG-dependent NF-kB, together with alterations in gut microbial communities;58 however, this still needs to be confirmed in humans. This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.