The modular signature was barely detectable at other time points before diagnosis, with the IFN/PRR and IFN/C’/myeloid modules missing at 32–78 and 79–104 d but then present at 181–250 and 251–360 d before diagnosis, again suggesting temporal heterogeneity of gene expression or potential reinfection as reported in high-burden TB settings (Charalambous et al., 2008; Uys et al., 2015; van Helden et al., 2008; van Rie et al., 2005; van Rie et al., 1999; Verver et al., 2005). Here, IFNA1 is linked to tuberculosis.