The application of the organoid model not only proved that the pks+ E. coli could cause the formation of CRC (Pleguezuelos-Manzano et al., 2020), but also proved that certain substances secreted by F. nucleatum could stimulate organoids to secrete TNF and increase intestinal inflammation (Engevik et al., 2021). Here, ARAF is linked to colorectal carcinoma.