TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Oxidative-LDLs (Ox-LDLs) induce proinflammatory expression and formation of foam cells, which lead to endothelial dysfunction (Berliner et al., 2009; Golia et al., 2014), including the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF; Ait-Oufella et al., 2006; Moriya, 2019).