DPP4 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Other studies demonstrate the upregulation of DPP-IV in malignancies (40–42) such as pancreatic cancer (43), although IHC analysis here did not demonstrate unambiguous differences in the expression levels of DPP-IV between cancer tissues and noncancerous tissues, likely because of the different antibodies used to detect DPP-IV or for other technical reasons.