﻿The active cytokine milieu, including elevated Th1 cytokines, IL2, IFNγ, and TNFα, is believed to drive the classical pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophage activation, while a proportion of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages tends to be higher in other types of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (26). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.