﻿The active cytokine milieu, including elevated Th1 cytokines, IL2, IFNγ, and TNFα, is believed to drive the classical pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophage activation, while a proportion of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages tends to be higher in other types of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (26). The gene discussed is IL2; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.