DPP4 and cardiovascular disorder: On the other hand, DPP4 inhibitors exert pleiotropic effects on cardiovascular diseases directly through complicated cellular mechanisms, containing improving EC dysfunction, promoting EC proliferation and migration, alleviating EC senescence, obstructing EC apoptosis, suppressing the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, increasing circulating endothelial progenitor cell (EPCs) levels, and preventing the infiltration of mononuclear macrophages.