Genetic polymorphisms in ACE, such as rs4343, rs4341 and the ACE I/D polymorphism, have been shown to affect ACE levels and activity, and confer susceptibility to hypertension (10), type 2 diabetes (11), overweight (12), nephropathy (13, 14) and certain cardiovascular (15, 16) and autoimmune diseases (17). Here, ACE is linked to autoimmune disease.