Alternatively, other studies also demonstrated that hyperglycemia induced upregulation of the C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1)/C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) signaling pathway, which is known to disturb placental perfusion (30, 31). This evidence concerns the gene CX3CR1 and Hyperglycemia.