NPPA and congestive heart failure: Plasma ANP and BNP levels are markedly elevated in the pathophysiological and clinical conditions of cardiac dysfunction and remodeling, including fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, pulmonary embolism, and CHF leading to severe conditions of CVDs (Vellaichamy et al., 2005a, 2007; Felker et al., 2006; Jaffe et al., 2006; Reinhart et al., 2006; See and de Lemos, 2006; Ellmers et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2013; Rubattu and Volpe, 2014; Pandey, 2019).