TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Further, TNF-α has been associated with diseases (e.g., artherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, sarcopenia) often related to pathological aging, as well as dementia and all-cause mortality (Bruunsgaard et al., 1999, 2000, 2003; Borst, 2004; Bian et al., 2017).