TNF and sarcopenia: Evidence has shown that TNF-α is associated with a variety of age-associated morbidities, including atherosclerosis (Bruunsgaard et al., 2000), dementia (Bruunsgaard et al., 1999), type 2 diabetes (Borst, 2004), and sarcopenia (Bian et al., 2017), as well as mortality (Bruunsgaard et al., 2003; Roubenoff et al., 2003).