Similarly, in aging, oxidative stress enhances astrocytes to upregulate the expression of cytokines and chemokines, such as matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) and p16INK4A [senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)], that induce BBB disruption, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairments (Simpson et al., 2010; Salminen et al., 2011; Cai Z. et al., 2017; Bussian et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene MMP3 and Cognitive impairment.